Which of the following best describes racism?

The definition of racism encompasses a range of attitudes and actions that result in the subordination of individuals based on their skin color or race. This broad understanding highlights that racism is not limited to overt discrimination or prejudice, but includes a spectrum of behaviors and beliefs that can manifest in various ways, impacting individuals and communities negatively.

Focusing specifically on the aspect of subordination, this understanding emphasizes that racism creates and maintains social hierarchies that disadvantage certain racial groups. It identifies a core principle that connects various actions, whether they be systemic, institutional, or personal. Ultimately, this definition aligns with the idea that racism can be both intentional and unintentional, acknowledging that its effects are wide-reaching and damaging.

The other options, while relating to aspects of racial attitudes or beliefs, do not encapsulate the full scope of what racism entails. For example, an expectation of cultural assimilation may represent a form of racial bias but does not comprehensively define the concept of racism. Similarly, beliefs in superiority or separation can reflect racist ideologies but are more specific facets rather than a complete characterization of racism itself. Therefore, the definition centered on subordination accurately captures the essence of racism and its societal implications.